Biology Assignment Essay - 825 Words

Biology Assignment (Essay Sample) Content: Biology AssignmentName: Instructor: Institution:Course:Date: Modes of action of nerves and hormonesThe nervous system and the endocrine system function independently to effect unique functions. They do so by employing different methods. However, it is also common to realize that both systems use similar, but not same, elements to effect certain body functions. These systems function in concert with each other to coordinate and control the internal environment of an organism. This process of maintaining a stable internal environment of an organism is termed homeostasis (Tortora Derrickson, 2009).ComparisonWith the above knowledge of homeostasis, it is possible to develop a comparison of the mode of action of the nerves and hormones. First, the nerves act as an interconnected system that has highly specific structural organization or arrangement. This arrangement is present between neurons and the site of action; the target cells. In this arrangement, the interconnect ion ensures structural continuity in the nervous system and the action is thus uniform and smooth. The hormones, on the other hand, function independently since the endocrine glands are dispersed widely throughout the body. The hormones, thus, have no structural relationship to one another; neither do they have a structural relationship with each others target cells.A major difference in the mode of action comes with the chemical messenger employed. The functioning of nerves is such that they release neurotransmitters at the synaptic junctions. The release of neurotransmitters, into the synaptic cleft, serves a vital role in the speed of effecting function of the nerves (Sherwood, 2010). On the other hand, hormones are secreted from the endocrine glands and released into the blood. Further, another difference in the mode of action with regards to the chemical messenger employed is the distance of action. This is because neurotransmitters, which the nerves employ, act through extrem ely short distances, and this is the diffusion across the synaptic cleft while the hormones cover a longer distance to effect their action and this are evident from the fact that they get carried in the blood.The nerves and hormones differ in the mode of action with regard to the specificity of action relevant on the target cell. This is because nerve action depends on a close anatomic relationship between the nerve supply and the target cells. Nerves that supply a given region must be in proximity to that region of the body. However, the specificity of action depends on the target cell binding specificity. Further, the latter also depends on the type or level of responsiveness of the target cell to a given hormone. Each hormone is, therefore, particular to a given receptor that allows it to effect its action (Tortora Derrickson, 2009).Another comparison between the two systems of coordination and homeostasis is the speed of response elicited by the mode of action. This is because the action of nerves is rapid and takes only a few milliseconds. The hormones, on the other hand, are rather slow with their speed of response ranging from minutes to hours.The duration of action is also a competent aspect of comparison between nerves and hormones mode of actions. This is because the duration of action of nerves is remarkably brief and, just as the speed of response, lasts only a few milliseconds. In contrast to this, the duration of action of hormones is long. This ranges from minutes to days or longer.The last key point of comparison in the mode of action of nerves and hormones is the effect of the systems or their principal functions. The nerves act to coordinate the rapid responses of the body. These responses are precise and effective unless abnormalities are present from lesions or disease conditions. Hormones, in contrast, control those activities in the body that need long duration instead of speed of action.Homeostatic Regulation of Blood GlucoseThe homeos tatic regulation of the level of glucose in blood is the function of two critical hormones; insulin and glucagon.InsulinThe role of insulin in regulation of blood glucose gets summarized in three activities mediated by this hormone. These include liver uptake, the storage and usage of glucose in the body. The most significant effect of insulin is evident after the absorption of a meal.Insulin has potent effects on the metabolism of glucose, promotes its uptake by the hepatic cells and promotes the use of glucose as a fuel source for the bodys energy needs. All these actions of insulin occur in several steps that take place almost simultaneously. Insulin inactivates an enzyme referred to as liver phosphorylase (Tortora Derrickson, 2009). This enzyme is responsible for the breakdown of glycogen to glucose in the liver and by inactivating it, insulin serves to prevent the addition of glucose to the body system to allow absorption of glucose after a meal. Further, the insulin produced by the beta cells of the pancreas increases the activity of the enzyme, glucokinase that phosphorylates the blood glucose priming it for uptake by liver cells for different metabolic pathways.Insulin promotes activity of glycogen synthase, an enzyme that is responsible for glycogen synthesis from glucose. Further, insulin acts to suppress the postprandial secretion of glucagon. By promoting the synthesis of other essential macromolecules, such as proteins and fats, insulin indirectly promotes the breakdown of the extra blood glucose in the metabolic pathways that lead to energy production. The net effect of these actions an increase in the amount of glycogen stored in the liver by about five to six percent.However, when blood glucose level drops below normal the beta cells of the pancreas decrease the secretion of glucose. This stops the synthesis of glycogen and also allows the ...

Victimless Crime - 1399 Words

Victimless crime is defined as a violation of community standards or an illicit act against a government policy or agency (Wisegeek, 2009) yet, which neither directly harms nor violates the rights of any specific person, although some people may claim it harms society as a whole. Many people consider such acts as drunk driving, prostitution, public drunkenness, assisting someone to die at his or her request, using drugs, white-collar crimes, and abortion to be victimless crimes. They feel, as though there are no individual victims for these crimes; no one is being hurt or directly affected, so there is no crime being committed. In this paper, I will discuss the effects that these crimes have not only on the individuals that commit the†¦show more content†¦In this scandal, many people in upper management made quite a bit of money off the employees of the corporation, leaving them jobless and broke with no retirement. (Enron Scandal, 2008) Tax evasion is not considered to be as big of a crime as accounting fraud because of the publicity that accounting fraud receives in comparison to tax evasion. The only times that you really hear about tax evasion is when it includes big movies stars or government officials. Such people in the news lately would include Wesley Snipes, Richard Pryor, Martha Stewart, Don King, and the latest, Tom Daschle. Christopher M. Sigerson of the IRS, (2008) said it best when he said, â€Å"We should not forget that the ultimate victims in tax fraud cases are the people of the United States and those who do not pay their fair share cheat their neighbors and their country.† When people commit tax fraud, the victims are the rest of the law-obeying citizens that do pay their taxes, the â€Å"common† people. Drug abuse, another crimes that is considered victimless, actually has many victims. Not only the abuser, who becomes a victim to the addiction, becomes a victim in this crime. They become a victim to the dr ug as their body becomes dependant on the substance. Recent studies have shown that every year in the United States there is an estimated 320,000 babies born addicted to some form of drugs. Withdraw will happen in 55 to 94 percent of all infants exposed to heroin or other opiates.Show MoreRelatedIs Victimless Crimes Is Defined As A Victimless Crime933 Words   |  4 Pageschose to write about is Victimless Crimes. I will be defining the term as well as discussing a few of the known victimless crimes along with the penalty/punishment for each in the states of Alabama, Kentucky and Michigan. A victimless crime is defined as an incident or crime where there is no distinct victim legal-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/Victimless Crimes. There are many different crimes that can be categorized as a Victimless Crime. Some of these crimes include Postitution, DrugRead MoreVictimless Crimes Not To Be Decriminalized Essay1120 Words   |  5 PagesVictimless crimes, the illegal act(s) that involves consenting adults and lacks a complaining participant, have been the topic of heated debate for some time now (Kendall, 2014). This debate centers primarily on the question as to whether these acts should be crimes at all. The arguments take several forms. One of the controversies involves the importance of personal freedom versus society’s idea to uphold moral standards. A second issue addresses the problem of the conception of harm. PeopleRead MoreIs Prostitution A Victimless Crime3179 Words   |  13 Pagesprostitution a victimless crime and should this affect its le gislation? As established earlier, a victimless crime is defined as a legal offense in which all parties consent and no party is injured. I believe that this is a key thought to consider when discussing the legislation of prostitution, because surely an act should only be illegal if there are directly negative impacts caused it? If prostitution is in fact a ‘victimless crime’, does it even need to be considered a crime at all? A crime can be definedRead More There are no Truly Victimless Crimes Essay1026 Words   |  5 Pagesperson. These matters are often called victimless crimes. Mill - along with the majority of people in todays world - claims that if a person commits a crime against his or herself, such as harming the body by taking certain drugs or suicide, the person should not be prosecuted. The argument is that no other person is affected. All involved parties consent to the arrangement, so they should be responsible for whatever happens. A few common victimless crimes are prostitution, taking harmful drugsRead MorePublic Order Crime Prostitution Is Not A Victimless Crime Essay840 Words   |  4 Pages I think the public order crime prostitution is not a victimless crime because most of the women/ men are forced to stay in that line of work. For example a woman pays a Coyotaje to bring her sister from China over, she told once the sister gets to the states she will be reunited with her sister but they keep her against her will in a illegal massage parlor. They will now tell her sister that she owes more money a huge amount and unless she pays it off her sister will be forced to have to pim herselfRead MoreVictimless Crime1282 Words   |  6 PagesVictimless Crime Victimless crime is defined as an illegal act that is felt to have no direct or identifiable victim. Drug possession and usage is considered to be a type of victimless crime. Libertarianism says the government is set up to offer protection for each of us against the initiation of force by others. They say this gives us the â€Å"moral space† in which to live our own lives in our own chosen way-even if that means choosing to use drugs. A person under the influence of illegal drugs isRead MoreThe Crime Of A Victimless Crime908 Words   |  4 PagesA victimless crime is a term used to refer to actions that have been made illegal but which do not directly violate or threaten the rights of any other individual. It often involves consensual acts or solitary acts in which no other person is involved. Such acts would not lead to any person calling for help from the police. Therefore, many people will argue that drug dealing,use, and abuse is a victimless crime, but they are wrong. W e have to ask ourselves what makes a crime a crime? We know thatRead MoreVictimless Crimes1330 Words   |  6 PagesVictimless crime is defined as illegal behavior in which people willingly engage and in which there are no unwilling victims. Victimless crimes can be viewed as prostitution, illegal drug use, or illegal gambling. These are considered crimes because they can harm your body, or life in some way, and because you willingly do them. There are many other things in our lives that we can do such as smoking cigarettes, or drinking that can harm our lives and body in some way but are legal. In my opinionRead MoreShould Prostitution Be A Victimless Crime?1506 Words   |  7 Pageshas remained a heated issue (ProQuest Staff).The legalization of prostitution and whether or not prostitution should be considered a victimless crime are two of the main controversies that surround the matter of prostitution. The idea of prostitution engenders conflict of morality and constitutional rights and freedom. Many perceive the bartering of sex as a crime and some even view it as a form of sexual abuse (Klinger). Extremists have gone so far as to claim that prostitution is â€Å"indistinguishable†Read MoreMusic Piracy Is Not A Victimless Crime Essay1278 Words   |  6 Pagescomes to pirating music. Music piracy is the illegal copying or downloading of music without the consent of the artist as well as the recording company that made the song. The question that many might argue is whether or not music piracy is a victimless crime. This subject influenced a journalist by the name of Charles W. Moore. Charles Moore has an interesting story. Ten years after graduating from the University of Michigan in 1947, he began attending Princeton University, where he achieved his

Analysis Of The Exorcist By Stephen King - 1512 Words

With the development of our society, the ideas and concepts of lots of things have been changed. Feminist’s act is an important hallmark on our path to improve our society. But stereotypes against the role of female could still be found in many literatures. Looking back into our history, the appearance of women has been always weak and helpless in different time period, compare to man. Although, people’s attitude towards women has been advancing, but there is still a space for improvements and developments. Therefore, individuals must challenge their own false impression regarding the role of female, if our society were to truly abridge the gap between genders. For example, there are some literatures demonstrating sexism perfectly. In Christine, Stephen King illustrates a car that processes the personality of a woman, which often turns violent, driven by envy and wrath; The Exorcist creates the character of Regan, which satisfy the public’s expectation of the wea k and helpless; and Dracula is a classic vampire story, where the author emphatically deprecates the woman’s status in the common society. Overall, by comparing with these three novels, the authors have used some specific opinions to enhance the issue of feminism. The authors of Christine, The exorcist and Dracula are considered as sexist writers from the portrayal of Leigh Cabot, Regan and Lucy Westenra’s characterization. They often portray the figure of female in a discriminative way, debase and objectify women inShow MoreRelatedActs: Thematic Analysis Template3164 Words   |  13 PagesThematic Analysis Template |Copy and paste the down arrow ( ( ) into boxes to show that a unit of material is continuing. | |Copy and paste the left arrow ( ( ) into boxes to show where a unit of material ends. | |Paragraphs |Immediate Context |Major Points |Major Sections |Theme | |1:1–5 Read MoreHorror Genre Dissertation6741 Words   |  27 Pagesmind control, evil children, cannibalism and werewolves’. (5) The type of Horror films made in 2000 is mainly psychological; there is no monster like Dracula or King Kong but the fear of the unknown, which has no physical face. Early Horror films took evil and used the monster and portrayed it as the Devil as a symbolic example. (Exorcist, 1973) Death was also an act, which Horror films were primarily concerned with. In later ‘horror spoof movies’ the approach taken was to make death and the eventsRead MoreCMNS 304 Notes Essay5778 Words   |  24 Pagesï » ¿Lecture 1 Semiotics: Signifier (sign or symbol)/Signified (what it means) The logic of signs If sign A = sign B and sign B = sign C Then à  Ã¯Æ'   A = C Lecture 3 Texts: Effects they have on us The Exorcist Small frame is put into a slot (wanted to scare people in the audience without having them know what scared them) Reveals techniques used on us that changes the way we feel Citizen Kane 1939 Dying words â€Å"rosebud† Journalists are searching for the reason why his dying words were rosebud Content -Read MoreEssay Witchcraft Portrayed in Films6180 Words   |  25 PagesWitch films, witches are approached from a documentary point of view, but in a closer, more in-depth and on location way than Witchcraft through the Ages, which for the most part involved a series of filmed clips. My project draws not only on my own analysis of the four main films, but briefly discusses others that are similar, and includes theories about media content and consumption as well as comment on how witches have generally been portrayed horror films from a range of textbooks. I have also

Integrating Technology Into The Classroom Instruction

Technology Integration Integrating technology into the classroom instruction means more than just teaching basic computer skills in a computer class. Technology integration must happen throughout the curriculum to enhance the learning process. Throughout my Black History/Civil Rights lesson, I integrated technology by using PowerPoint presentations, pictures, maps, and allowing the students to use laptops for research and for extended learning. The technology that I used to enhance the lessons encouraged active engagement and participation individually as well as in groups. Technology was helpful with the group projects and the students enjoyed the opportunities. Learning through group projects with the use of technology allowed the students to be challenged while providing them with experience. Assessments After each lesson, the students were assessed on what they learned and their understanding of the lesson. The assessment also gave me an idea of if I needed to go back and review more on the lesson or if I could move on to the next lesson. This unit included the following assessments: Lesson 1: Students were assessed by completing page 2 of their workbooks, filling in the timeline with the correct event, 85% accuracy, after reading the timeline of MLK’s life on page 1 of their workbook. Lesson 2: The students were assessed by completing 5 6 in the WB. Directions were to fill in the blank with the correct word that makes the facts true about Rosa Parks. On page 6Show MoreRelatedIntegrating Instructional Technology Essay1046 Words   |  5 PagesIntegrating Instructional Technology Rationale The intention of the Comprehensive Classroom Technology Plan is to enhance the use of technology in the classroom to improve the education that students receive in their learning and communicating. The detail found within the Comprehensive Classroom Technology Plan will describe the ability of the teacher to use technology in an effective manner within the classroom while providing a safe, secure, and educational environment for students to learnRead MorePro And Cons Of Technology Essay1287 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction For the 21-century learner, learning how to navigate technology is essential to success in life. In addition to reading, math, social studies, and science, technology is becoming an important part of curriculum. Integration of technology into already existing curriculum is necessary to maximum instructional time. In addition to preparing learners for technology use in future occupations, technology can enhance a student’s learning especially in reading. With the invention of manyRead More Integrating Technology in the Language Arts Classroom Essay719 Words   |  3 PagesIntegrating Technology in the Language Arts Classroom School leaders today are under extreme pressure to improve student achievement levels. Yet, in the face of tight budgets, threats to cut extra-curricular activities, and an extensive shortage of textbooks in the schools, exactly what are teachers supposed to do to ensure that â€Å"no child is really left behind.† Despite what looks like a dead end, there is hope. By integrating the usage of technology in the Language Arts classroom, studentsRead MoreEffective Instruction For English Learners1414 Words   |  6 PagesSummary one: Effective Instruction for English Learners Calderon, Slavin and Sanchez (2011) in their article â€Å"Effective Instruction for English Learners† consider the problem of students who are non English speakers and come to live in the USA for several reasons such as immigrants. The U.S government requires every school that has more than 5 percent non-English speakers to provide these with specialized programs. The authors go to explain useful instructions for teaching students English LanguageRead MoreThe Fair Street Ib World School Vision835 Words   |  4 Pagesvision of technology is to support our culture of thinking critically, acting compassionately, working meaningfully, choosing wisely, and living joyfully by providing access to technology that empower and educate students. Our vision is to inspire, nurture, challenge, and prepare our students to maximize technology to positively impact student achievement as we educate them to be successful in a 21st century global society. All members of the school communi ty will utilize technology to streamlineRead MoreDifferent Types Of Curriculum Affects You And Other Students877 Words   |  4 Pagesteachers have the major responsibility for instruction. For the most part the curriculum is set. What do you see as the keys to providing effective instruction? What can you do to be sure that the instructional objectives you set for a given lesson engage all you students? â€Å"Once the influences and committees have converged and a curriculum has been designed, teacher have the responsibility to bring it to life in classrooms† (p. 345). In instruction teachers are giving the students the curriculumRead MoreImportance Of Technology In Education1417 Words   |  6 PagesTechnology in Education Topic: The integration of technology into the modern day education process In what way education has changed in favor of using technologies vs the past Reasons why schools might be changing towards the side of using technology more Formations : effects introducing adolescent to technology integrate tech and is it in their favor to do so Intelligent tutoring , Potential disadvantages to integrating partially or fully integrating into education( is it a bad idea PositiveRead MoreGoals, Objectives, And Activities. The Goal Of This Proposal1062 Words   |  5 Pagesthis proposal is to begin purposefully and meaningfully integrating technology into the curriculum at WFLS. In order to accomplish that, the school administration needs to adopt the previously mentioned technology vision. This will offer guidance to all technology integration in the classroom and school. Once a vision has been adopted, the technology team will form and begin providing professional development for teachers. The technology team will begin providing the professional development rightRead More Teachers Education Essay1648 Words   |  7 PagesTeachers Education Not only do the rapid growth of technology changed the way we live, from the way business is conducted to the way we communicate with each other, technology advancements are also affecting the way we teach and learn. According to the National Council for Accreditation of Teacher Education (NCATE), new skills needed in the workplace are catalysts that spur technology use in the classroom. It is clear that the business world demand schools to prepare educated workers who areRead MoreProviding More Technology Training For Teachers1457 Words   |  6 PagesThe need that prompted this project proposal is that of providing more technology training for teachers in order to address the ongoing desire for increased student achievement rates in our school and district. In the upcoming school year, our district will be rolling out a 1:1 initiative to provide devices for each student in our school (and all other schools in the county). The problem that comes along with this initiative is the la ck of knowledge and training that teachers have received to prepare

Marriage Is The Legal Or Officialising Process - 913 Words

Marriage is an institution that ages back to ancient societies. It offered a secure environment and legal benefits to facilitate the granting of property rights. Marriage is the legal or officialising process by which two people under go to be recognized publicly and by law .It is the joining of two people in a bond that relatively lasts until death, but in practice is increasingly cut short by divorce .Marriage allows a couple to have a stable relationship that is recognized by the state and by whatever religious views the couple chooses to conform to , as well as providing a good environment in which to raise children. With continuous increasing amount of premarital cohabitation, single parent families and children born outside of wedlock, as well as divorce, it seems that the institution has lost its popularity. This essay argues that the institution of marriage has ceased to have relevance to modern society because it protects against harms itself creates, with that divorce rates have increased extremely above all it defies the modern idea of equality. With the increasing popularity of homosexuality not only among the average population but also almost celebrities, marriage equality has become the new trend. Marriage is an outdated institution as it defies the modern idea of equality. Specifically sexual equality it has a tendency to create vast inequality in a society. The religious definition of a marriage is when two people of opposite sex make an oath before God

Software Continuous In Quality Improvement -Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Software Continuous In Quality Improvement? Answer: Introducation Considering that only android devices can run tis application, it is hence targeted to be run on all android devices from the most renowned and growing android mobile manufacturers. These include Samsung, Moto, Google and many more. This android app will be available on the Google Play Store for download. Testing Requirements Testing is a very crucial part of application development. In this case, the Gennymotion emulator has been used with a compatible mobile device that emulates API-16 with two different screen sizes. 540 x 960 pixels and 1080 x 1920 pixels are the two resolutions that have been used to test the application. The testing process helped to identify the bugs in the programs execution and get a real-time experience of the interface and layouts stand on different mobile screen sizes. Ad-hoc testing is mandatory in such kind of small projects. The developer knows the program he has designed and hence he would be able to guess the pits and falls of it (Lewis 2016). The Error Guessing ad-hoc technique shall therefore be beneficiary. Application Commentary The Poker Notes application helps the users to enter notes for 5 players that they are playing with during a poker match. The users can login with their respective usernames and passwords after confirming them. Thereby, they can enter note for each player and mark them by the respective date and time. These data will be stored internally until the user presses the Save All Entries menu option. A SQLite database will be used to store the data from the internal array Lists. Here, the android.database.SQLite package has been used to access the database and implement queries. Individual tables have been created for each player (1 to 5) and then data has been entered into these tables on saving. Every time, when the user starts the app, the internal variables of individual players are updated from the database data. The Show Entries button on each players page would display the entries made about him or her that have not been cleared yet. Further, the database entries can also be sent via e-mail and the database tables are dropped accordingly to clear it off all its stored data. The application provides the users to create own database and the tables are created within them. Therefore, users get to view records or send emails only of their own records. The user name is stored in a separate database table and is retrieved during table creation or to attach with emails. The screenshots of the application and its various interfaces have been attached in the appendix section, below. Improvement Recommendations The app can be enriched with more user interface options that allow the user to delete specific notes or chose what they wish to save in the database. More fields can be added to the player notes entry pages, to allow entering their name and other essentials. Ethical Considerations The user, who wishes to use this app in a poker game, must make sure that the use of such digital assistance abides by the rules of the game. In addition, it must also be taken care of, that the personal information like usernames and passwords are kept safe. Security is an important part of android development (Faruki et al. 2015). Financial Case Analysis The application took around half week to be developed. Two more days were needed to integrate the SQLite database with the application. Finally, another one complete day was used in the testing purpose. The application can generate revenue from the Google Play downloads. The application should be made available for downloads with a price tag of about 1.99$. Later, more revenue can be generated through google ads. Fu et al. (2013), says that the feedbacks given on the Google Play Store about the application would highlight the achievement of the application and the progress in reaching out to target the user base. The application can be promoted in Poker Game events. Social media handles can also be used as the major marketing platform. References Faruki, P., Bharmal, A., Laxmi, V., Ganmoor, V., Gaur, M.S., Conti, M. and Rajarajan, M., 2015. Android security: a survey of issues, malware penetration, and defenses.IEEE communications surveys tutorials,17(2), pp.998-1022. Fu, B., Lin, J., Li, L., Faloutsos, C., Hong, J. and Sadeh, N., 2013, August. Why people hate your app: Making sense of user feedback in a mobile app store. InProceedings of the 19th ACM SIGKDD international conference on Knowledge discovery and data mining(pp. 1276-1284). ACM. Lewis, W.E., 2016.Software testing and continuous quality improvement. CRC press. Meier, R., 2012.Professional Android 4 application development. John Wiley Sons.

Women in Policing free essay sample

In order to achieve this goal, it is important for law enforcement agencies to Identify and address the adverse affects of disparate treatment of women in law enforcement. Research on the problem of disparate treatment of women officers In law enforcement follows a specific plan. The research begins with problem formation and a topic outline. The research design is explained in the introduction thesis and the outline defines the research question. The research divides the problem into sub-problems.A cause and effect analysis was chosen to identify the social causes and effects of how the occurrence of disparate treatment of women officers correlates with the subtopics of discrimination, sexual harassment, advancement limits and retention problems. Research objectives were guided by the cause and effect analysis of the problem by utilizing the analysis to formulate research question and hypothesis. The research objectives were guided by a literature review. A hypothesis is advanced about what is expected to happen In the research. The research Is designed to look at the relationship between disparate treatment of women police officers and discrimination, sexual harassment, advancement Limits and retention problems. This research Is designed to assess the hypothesis, Women police officers experience disparate treatment. This research accepts certain critical assumptions. The assumptions as the foundation of the research is as follows, This research is designed to assess the hypothesis that women police officers experience disparate treatment. To understand the implications of these critical assumptions for theory and research, experiences and attitudes of sample groups of male and women officers were explored. A method and content analysis of survey data revealed conclusions which supported the hypothesis. Implications of the research of disparate treatment of women police officers will be discussed in the report findings ND discussion. LITERATURE REVIEW This discussion incorporates other researchers views with a dialogue of how the literature review relates to the research being conducted. The research methodology will conceptualize the disparate treatment of women officers in law enforcement. Specific research procedures, such as survey questions, were developed which resulted in empirical observations representing those concepts in the real world. The literature review provides a detailed identification of the overall relevance to existing research as it relates to empirical research of the adverse affects associated tit disparate treatment of women officers in law enforcement.The harms of under representation of women in policing include discrimination, sexual harassment, advancement limits, retention problems, damaged community relations, ineffective response to violence against women, and the excessive force complaints that accompany a void of women in policing. In order to discuss the current status of women in law enforcement, it is important to review the history of women in the profession. Law enforcement has traditionally been a male dominated field ever sinc e the mid-19th century and has been slow to accept women into its ranks.Women in policing make up less than 15 percent of all police officers in the United States (Harrington 2001). Women face many obstacles, and yet have brought about changes in policing. The Jobs available to policewomen were limited until the Civil Rights Act of 1964, (Essen 1999). In the early sasss, law enforcement agencies only hired men as police officers. This was a result of societys view that women were not fit to be police officers (Harrington and Lindsay 2006). In 1971 women accounted for only 1. 4 percent of all police officers. Today women in policing make up more than 13 recent of police officers. Women have made progress in their numbers in recent years but women are still underrepresented in all ranks in policing and women face many obstacles. The Supreme Court applied Title VII of the Civil Rights Act to law enforcement in 1972. Agencies could be sued for discriminating against qualified women. In some cases, the courts issued consent decrees which forced agencies to hire qualified women. Many law enforcement agencies used height and weight limits to prevent women from meeting the qualifications until the courts struck down this practice in 1977 in Dotard vs.. Rawlins. The International Association of Chiefs of Police (ICP) conducted a survey and found that women in policing are both underused and undervalued in law enforcement. While they said that the number of women in policing is growing and progressing through the ranks, it also revealed that there are too few women in law enforcement, woman police officers still face recruiting women, woman police officers face advancement limits, sexual harassment still occurs in many departments, there are few mentoring programs for female officers and women make valuable contributions to community policing.In 2001 the National Center for Women and Policing did a survey of police agencies with more than 100 officers. They found that women make up only 12. 7 percent of police officers. Even these numbers do not paint an accurate picture because only the nations largest police agencies were surveyed and these agencies have the highest percentages of women in policing. The Bis Uniform Crime Report (CUR), which surveyed most of the U. S. Police agencies, including agencies with less than 100 officers, said that in 2003, only 1 1. 4 percent of the police officers were women. FBI, Crime in the United States, 2003). The I-JAR data showed that the majority of the police agencies FBI did not employ any women in policing whatsoever in 2003. In 2001 the National Center for Women and Policing (NCSC) said that a survey of police agencies with more than 100 officers found that women make up only 9. 6 percent of supervisory positions (sergeants and lieutenants) and Just 7. 3 percent of top command spots (captains and above). Women make up about 1 percent (about 200 or so) of this nations police chiefs and sheriffs (Dorothy Schultz 2004).The hiring and selection practices of police agencies create obstacles for women in policing. The selection processes can favor men because they place greater emphasis on an applicants physical strength (Harrington 2001). In the scope of the essential functions of a police officer, research has shown that the current standards, hiring and selection practices in connection with recruitment of police officers, that verbal and mediation skills have more bearing on performance as a police officer than physical ability (Spiller 2000).Because men have an advantage in terms of upper body strength, the small percentage of women in the police profession can partly be attributed to the biased recruiting practices that place a high value on these factors. Studies have found that 60-70% of women officers experienced sexual harassm ent but only about 4-6% ever reported it (Harrington 2001). The lack of reporting could be attributed to retaliation that occurs when women report it (Harrington 2001).This is a form of discrimination that has the result of low retention rates for women officers, and results in a low advancement rate of women police officers (Harrington 2001). Sexual harassment and the stress resulting from it are the two main reasons women cost often give for leaving their law enforcement careers (Lindsay 2006). The high incidence of sexual and gender harassment is an indicator of how men are less than accepting of women as police officers.The term glass ceiling refers to the inability of women to easily advance beyond entry level positions within a police department. Traditionally, white males have had access to advancement over females. Women in law enforcement face discrimination based on preconceived beliefs that women are not cut out to be police officers. Women have to work harder to get into specialty assignment positions such as SWAT or to promote to supervisory positions. This can lead to frustration, giving up and quitting the profession altogether.Women police officers are proven to be capable, women officers are less likely to use excessive force, women officers have proven effective in community-oriented policing, women officers provide an effective response to violence against women and increasing the (Harrington 2001). Women police officers are effective in responding to female victims of violence. Violence against women, including domestic violence and sexual assault, requires an effective and sensitive response from law enforcement. The ICP has estimated that more than 40 percent of all calls for police service are related to domestic violence.It has been suggested that women police officers enhance an agencys ability to respond effectively to violence against women. Research has indicated that women are better at defusing and De-escalating potentially violent confrontations (Lindsay 2006). Female victims of domestic violence are sometimes reluctant to call the police because they believe that the officers will side with the male half of the domestic incident. WAC Los Angels: October 1993), Studies have shown that female police officers are more likely to show sympathy and understanding to successfully handle domestic violence incidents.A 1985 study shoed that woman officers were more involved in domestic violence calls and more convinced of the importance of responding to family fights as a critical police duty (Woman Kennedy 1985). Increasing the number of women in policing could encourage female victims of violence to report incidents to the police. Community relations problems require a trend toward a more communicative and cooperative immunity oriented policing model. Community policing is a policing approach that promotes community, gover nment, and police partnerships. It utilizes proactive problem solving to address crime, social disorder and neighborhood problems. It shifts the focus of police work from a reactive approach to solving ongoing community problems. The emphasis on community policing requires police officers with problem-solving and communication skills so they can interact effectively with all segments of the public. Several researchers have concluded that women tend to be effective communicators, and good problem solvers. Hiring more women in policing, retaining them, and promoting them will help police departments succeed in community policing.Regarding violence, it is important to point out that research has shown that women officers use on a policing style that uses less physical force and is less confrontational than that used by male officers. Women officers are less likely to use excessive violence or police brutality. The Independent Commission on the Los Angels Police Department (1991) concluded that gender bias contributed substantially to excessive-force problems on the LAP. Women in policing face rudder in connection with organizational and social obstacles that are difficult to overcome.One obstacle for women is the biased attitude from males who resist accepting women in policing. This is evident in the high incidence of discrimination, sexual harassment, retention problems and limited advancement of qualified applicants (Harrington 2001). Associations have come up to support woman police officers. The organizations include, the International Association of Women Police (PAW), the National Association of Women Law Enforcement Executives (NEWLY), the National Center for Women and Policing (NCSC), and Women in Federal Law Enforcement (WIFE), to name a few.These organizations provide information, guidance, and support to female officers and those considering entering the profession. These four associations have gone out to educate police administrators, politicians, the media, and the public about the benefits of increasing the number of communities they serve and women should be equally represented to deal with the community challenges that face law enforcement today. Woman officers have positive traits and proven law enforcement capability which is why it is important to provide an equal playing field for women in law enforcement.METHODOLOGY Surveys were administered to a sample group of male and women police officers identifying a relationship between variables, examining multiple factors such as, discrimination, sexual harassment, retention and advancement limits. The results will incorporate facts, predictions and hypotheses. A strategy to collect data with procedures for giving out the survey included selecting male and women officers, providing instructions to participants, establishing data collection procedures and a sampling method. The subjects were contacted by email with a single, unrepeated revue, administered by the researcher.A proportionate number of male and women officers to the total percentage of male and women officers were sampled to examine relationships between the gender based groups. Data was collected and interpreted in an attempt to resolve the problem that initiated the research: the adverse affects of the disparate treatment of women officers in law enforcement. Data, in the form of numbers and statistics, was collected, prepared, processed and analyzed using quantitative analysis. Data, in the form of numbers and statistics, was analyzed using quantitative analysis. The data was interpreted to test hypotheses and conclusions made about the data.Conclusions were made based upon what the data revealed. The final report addresses conclusions related to future theory and research formation. Information gained from research may open new avenues of research to find additional answers to assess the hypothesis that disparate treatment of women officers in law enforcement results in discrimination, sexual harassment, advancement limits and retention problems. The selection of the survey respondents, the target population and the sample size was based upon a preventative sample of police officers from a single law enforcement agency with over 100 officers.The decision about the sample size was based on factors such as: time available, budget and necessary degree of precision. Quantitative questions were assigned to each study participant for each variable. Methods of observation involved reliability and validity as tests to establish the credibility of the observations. Survey questions were designed to be reliable and valid measures. Questions were reliable, providing consistent measures, and valid, answers correspond to what they were intended to measure.There were basically three steps to the improvement of validity of subjective measures: the questions were made as reliable as possible by dealing with ambiguity of wording, standardized presentation, and vagueness in response form, and everything possible was done to get questions that will mean the same thing to all respondents. After preparing the survey, it was given it to a sample group of police officers who were asked to pre-test it and provide feedback. Changes were made to refine it based upon feedback, ensuring consistent meaning to all respondents. Survey questions were designed to obtain ordinal data.The distribution of people choosing a particular label or category was based upon a five- to understand the research the data was measured with the Liker scale. The Liker scale measured a group of 12 questions that were designed to measure a single concept; Women police officers experience disparate treatment. The questions were designed to gauge attitudes toward whether the respondents believe that women police officers experience disparate treatment in the subcategories of discrimination, sexual harassment, advancement limits and retention problems. There were three questions from each of the categories. In the analysis of survey data, relationships between specific subtopics were looked at by ransacking the data. Identifying these relationships between specific topics and the gender characteristics of respondents for an evaluation helped identify which segments changed the most. This process enabled the researcher to identify patterns among the items showing significant relationships. A cover letter was included with the survey clearly stating the intentions of the research. A brief statement explaining why the information was being collected and the respondents were reassured that the information is anonymous.The only specific information collected was the gender of the respondent at the end of the questionnaire. To ensure that valid survey results were collected, instructions were included on how to answer the survey questionnaire. This research was conducted from January 2008 to May 2008 and surveyed a single law enforcement agency of 230 officers. To avoid the reality and appearance of bias, all contact with the agency was designed to be both persistent and consistent. In order to meet these two goals, the following implementation plan was followed. A cover letter and survey questionnaire was given to the Chief of Police of the PoliceDepartment in March 2008. Approval was obtained from the Chief of Police for buy in and to conduct the survey. The surveys were distributed through interoffice mail and returned directly to the researcher. The demographics of the agency consists of 200 male officers and 30 female officers with 87 percent of the officers are male and 13 percent of the officers are female. .8 percent of the officers are supervisors (sergeants) and there are no female command level officers or supervisors above the rank of sergeant. There were 83 responses which included 72 male survey responses and 11 female survey responses.The percentage of male and female responses was consistent with the ratio of male to female officers. SURVEY FINDINGS A theoretical relationship exists between disparate treatment of women officers and women officer discrimination, sexual harassment, advancement limits and retention problems. Women police officers experience disparate treatment. The research will address and identify the social causes and effects of how the occurrence of disparate treatment of women officers correlates with discrimination, sexual harassment, advancement limits and retention problems. The statement is a hypothesis which established causal connections between concepts by testing the data gathered through natural observation (surveys). KEY FINDINGS Discrimination The majority of both men and women feel the idea that force and strength are required; reinforce a belief that women are unable physically to do the Job as well as face discrimination based on preconceived notions that women are not cut out to be police officers but the majority of male respondents do not feel that women in law enforcement face discrimination because of preconceived beliefs. About 1/3 of male respondents believed strongly that women officers are on an equal playing field tit men in all categories and also believed strongly that force and strength are required and that women are physically unable to do the Job as well as men. This is indicative of the evidence that woman police officers still face discriminatory attitudes from male officers. While most male respondents agreed that force and strength are required and that women are physically unable to do the Job as well as men, most male respondents did not believe that women officers are on an equal playing field with men in all categories.Sexual Harassment The majority of both male and female respondents believe that men in law enforcement experience a workplace environment that is less intimidating than women are likely to experience. ; The majority of female respondents believe that women in law enforcement face discrimination based on preconceived notions that women are not cut out to be police officers while the majority of male respondents do not believe this discrimination exists. Advancement Limits The majority of female respondents believe that women in law enforcement have to work harder than their male counterparts to advance beyond entry-level positions within a department while the majority of male respondents believe it is a level laying field. ; One hundred percent of the female respondents believe that women need to work harder to prove them capable of doing their Job as well as their male counterparts while the majority of male respondents do not believe that women have to work harder to prove themselves.